Improvement in calculating-iviachines



4 Sheets--Sheet 2.

F. S. BALDWIN.

- Ca|culating-Machine- N0. 159 244, y Patented Feb. 2,1875.

M23-Zelfde@ l 4Sheets--Sheet4- F. S'. BALDWIN.

Calculating-Machine.

No.159,244 Patemed Feb. 2.1875.

Unirse STATES FRANK S. BALDI/VIN, OF ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI.

vIINIIPRCWEIVIENT IN CALCULATlNG-MCHWES.

Specilication forming part of Letters Patent No. 159,244, dated February 2, 1875; application filed September 8, 1873.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, FRANK S. BALDWIN, of

the city and county of St. Louis, State of Missouri, have invented an Improved Calculating- Machine, of which the following is a specilication:

lhe object ot' my invention is to facilitate the making of complex calculations; and this object l attain by the use of the machine which l will now proceed to describe, reference being had to the accompanying drawing, in which- Figure l, Sheet l, is a side elevation of my improved calculating-machine, Fig. 2, Sheet 2, a plan view; Fig. 3, Sheet l, asectionaielevation on the line l 2, Fig. 2; Fig. et, Sheet 3, asectional plan on the line 3 4, Fig. 3; Fig. 5, Sheet l, a transverse sectional elevation on the line 5 6, Fig. 3,looking in the direction of the arrow l; Figs. o, 7, S, and 9, detached views of parts of the machine.

The opposite side frames A and A ot' the machine are secured to a bed-plate, B, and in suitable bearings in the same turns a sha-ft, l), provided at one end with an operatingcrank, a, and carrying a cylinder, E, capable of sliding upon, without turning independently of, the said shaft. (See Figs. I, 2, and 3.) A spring-slide, b, secured to the side frame A, is adapted to a groove in the crank a, and, when thrust into the same, serves to lock the said crank, and consequently the shaft I) and cylinder, in the position shown in Figs. l and 2. rEhe cylinder can be turned in either direction bythe crank, but the movement must commence when the parts arein about the positio shown in Figs. 1,2, and 3, and a complete revolution must be made before the direction of said movement can be reversed, this being insured by the device illustrated in Fig. (5, which consists of a ratchet or cog wheel, c, and notched disk c', secured to the shaft D, and of an anchor-lever, d, hung to the side frame A. rIhe lever is acted on by a spring, d', tending to maintain it in theposition shown, and when in this position the outer extremity of an arm, c, ofthe said lever is contained within the notch of the disk c. When the shaft and disk are turned in either direction the arm e will be forced out of the notch and against the plain portion ot' the edge of the disk, which will vibrate the lever sufriciently to cause one or other of its hooked arms or pawls c to engage with the teeth of the wheel o, and to prevent any reverse movement of the same, or ofthe shaft and cylinder, until a complete revolution has been made. The cylinder E bears upon the shaft at its opposite ends only, where it is provided with hubs f, (see Fig. 4,) and to bosses on these hubs, within the cylinder, are fitted the opposite ends of a sleeve,f, which is free from contact with the shaft, thus considerably reducing the friction in sliding the cylinder upon the said shaft, as hereafter described, and which forms a bearing for a number ot' adjustable segments, F, each capable of being freely turned in either direction upon the said sleeve to an extent determined by the length of the slot .c in the cylinder, through which its operating-knob gpasses. (See Figs. 2 and 3.) Directly opposite each segment F, and adapted to bearings in the curved face ofthe cylinder, and in a segmental partition, g', is a row of advancing and retracting cog-teeth, h, each acted on by a spring tending to draw it inward, and arranged to be forced outward by a cam-like incline, h, at the inner end of the segment F, when the latter is turned in the direction of the arrow 2, Fig. 3, the plain curved portion of the said segment bearing against and holding the teeth after their outward adjustment. There are, in Jthe presentinstance, six segments, F, six rows of teeth, L, and six slots, a', in the cylinder, for the passage ofthe operatingknobs g; and on one edge of each of the said slots 00, at equal distances apart, are a series of notches, numbered from 0 to 9, inclusive, which the ef-shaped edges ofthe shanks of the operatingknobs g, acted on by springs, have a constant tendency to enter. rEhere are nine cog-teeth, h, in each row, and the adjustment of the knob g to any given numbered notch indicates that a corresponding number of teeth have been advanced by a like adjustment of the segment. For instance, the ad justmcnt of the several knobs to the notches 7, as shown in Fig. 2, indicates that the first seven teeth in each row are advanced, which is seen to be the case in Fig. 3.

l For every row of teeth, h, on the cylinder, and at opposite ends of the said rows, are two additional teeth, i and il, each of which projects through a slot in the cylinder, and is secured to or forms part of a curved arm, '172, hung to the interior curved surface of the cylinder, and acted on by a spring, which tends to constantly maintain the said tooth in a position midway between the rows of teeth 7L, the lateral adjustment of the said tooth, however, which is effected in the manner hereafter described, bringing it opposite the end of the row of teeth h next that to which it belongs. (See Figs. 2, 3, and 4.)

rlhe teeth t' and 'il are arranged diagonally, in respect to each other, on the face of the cylinder; and upon the latter, in line with the said teeth Ai1 and fil, and also midway between the rows of teeth h, are a series of double-inclined projections, j, for a purpose described hereafter.

rlhe teeth on the cylinder gear into a series of intermediate wheels, G, arranged to turn loosely and independently of each other on a fixed shaft, H, and these in turn transmit movement to a series et cog-wheels, J, of ten teeth each, each of which turns independently of the others upon the huh k1 of a disk, L', keyed to a shaft, I, which is adapted to suitable bearings in the opposite side frames of the machine. (See Fig's. 3 and 4.)

Upon the ten teeth of each of the wheels J are raised numbers or type from Oto 9, i11- elusive, which can be viewed through a slot in the casing l, partiallyv surrounding said wheels.

lhe accidental turning of the several wheels G is prevented by a series of yielding springarms, L, hung to the fixed frame, and each provided at its outer end with a roller, l, which rests between two of the teeth of each of the said wheels, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3, and the whole of the said arms may be raised simultaneously, in order to free the wheels, by means of a cam-shaft, L, extending beneath the same, turning in suitable bearings in the opposite side frames, and provided at one end with an operating-crank, l. (See Figs. 2, 3, and 5.)

rlhe accidental turning of the type-wheels J is prevented indirectly by the above-described spring-arms L, and directly by a bowspring, 7k', secured to a triangular projection, m, with which each wheel is provided, and arranged to bear with its opposite ends against the recessed edge of the disk L of the said wheel.

rlhere are ten recesses on the edge of each disk, corresponding with the number of teeth on the wheels, and the said recesses are ef sufficient depth to retain the ends of the spring, and thus prevent accidental movement of its wheel; but the ends of the spring can pass from 011e recess to another, and thus permit the wheel to be turned by the exercise of a slight effort.

lhe triangular projections ou, which are secured to one side of each of the type-wheels,

ervc two other distinct purposes besides that of sustaining the spring k2, and are special features of my invention.

The second duty of the said triangular pro jections is to act as cams in forcing a series of rods, M, toward the cylinder E once for every complete revolution of th eir type-wheels J, the said projections m being iixed to the wheels in such position that this movement ot' the rods shall be caused by the same just as the number 9 is visible through the slot in the casing K, the object of which will be rendered apparent hereafter.

The third duty of the said triangular projections is to serve as stops for their respective type-wheels by striking' against a series of arms, a, on a rock-shaft, U, having its bearings in the opposite side frames, the said arms being turned into the paths of the triangular projections, as indicated by dotted lilies in Fig. 3, by the pressure of the thumb or linger upon an operating handle or crank, nl, with which the said shaft is provided at one end, and being restored to the position shown by full lines by the action of a spring when the pressure upon said handle is relieved. (See Figs. 2, 3, and 5.)

The rods'M above referred to extend between the several wheels Gr, and through slots formed for their reception and guidance in the fixed shaft H, springs 12, secured to the latter, being adapted to notches in the rods, and thus determining the extentot' their movement. (See Fig. 3.) Each rod M, at the end adjacent to the cylinder, has a double-beveled enlargement or head, p', (best observed in Figs. 3, 4, and 5,) the said head, when the rod is forced outward by the projection ou, bein g directly in the path of one of the teeth, 'i or i", of the cylinder, and serving, by its beveled surface, to adjust the same laterally to a position between the teeth of one of the intermediate wheels G, and after having performed this duty the rod M is forced back to its original position by the pressure against the same of one ofthe double-inclined projections j of the cylinder. Directly beneath the typewheels J are a series of larger. type-wheels, N, hung loosely to a shaft, T, which has its bearings in the opposite side frames, is provided with an operating-crank, Tl, and has a cogwheel, T2, near one end, gearing' into a wheel, I', on the shaft I of the type. wheels J. (See Figs. 2, 3, and 5.) The arrangement ot' the type-wheels N is precisely similar to that ol the wheels J, each turning loosely upon the hub of a disk, q, keyed to the shaft, and each being so held by a bow-spring, q', adapted to recesses on the edge of the disk as to require a slight effort to turn it. The disk q lzas as many recesses on its edge as the type-wheel has teeth, and the spring q is secured to a block, m', with which each wheel is provided, and is arranged to bear upon the disk q ot the said wheel. (See Fig. 3.) The blocks in also serve as stops to limit the movement ot their respective type-wheels under the circumstances described hereafter, the stoppage being effected simultaneously with that ot' the wheels J1 by arms u2 on the rock-shaft U, which are turned into the paths of the said blocks m', as indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 3. The wheels N are each provided with eighteen teeth, upon which are formed raised numbers or type, commencing at 0 at one side of the wheel, and running in both directions to 9 at the opposite side, the object of which arrangement will be hereafter explained. The typewheels N are operated one at a time by a lever, Q, Figs. l and 7, slotted at its t'ulcrumpoint Q1, and so operated by an eccentric, Q2, on the cylinder-shaft D that a vibratory movement shall be imparted to its outer extremity suicient to move the type-wheel N to the extent of one tooth during each revolution of the eccentric and cylinder, the direction of the movement of the type wheel depending upon that ot' the cylinder, while the position ot' the said cylinder upon its shat't determines which of the said type-wheels shall be operated by the lever.

lt is necessary in shifting the cylinder upon its shaft that the adjustments shall be positive and to certain determined points, in or-l der to bring the several sets of teeth of the said cylinder opposite the teeth of those ot' the wheels G, which it is required to operate, and to eit'ect such adjustment various devices may be used, two of which are illustrated in the present instance.

In Figs. l, 2, 3, 4, and 5 the cylinder is embraced by a yoke, R, which slides upon the shaft D, and upon a rock-spindle, D, adapted to bearings in the opposite side frames. The rock-spindle is acted on by a spring, and has an operating-arm,R1, and an arnnRz, adapted to any of a series ot notches, y, Fig. 5, in the said yoke. The spring retains the arm R2 in the notch into which it is fitted, and this determines the proper position of the cylinder in respect to the type-wheels, and prevents its accidental displacement.

Another adjusting device, which l prefer to that above described, is illustrated in Figs. 8 and 9. In this case the shaft D has a screwthread cut upon it, to which is adapted a nut, S, secured to or forming part of the cylinder, and the hub j' at the opposite end of the latter has a feather adapted to a groove in the shatt, so that it can slide upon, without turning independently ot', the saine. A bolt, S1, operated by a spring-lever, S2, serves to lock the hub j' to the cylinder under ordinary circumstances, and when this is the case the said cylinder must turn with the shaft D 5 but by withdrawing the bolt the said cylinder becomes loose upon the shaft, and can be adjusted upon the same by means of the screw and nut to the extent required, the thread being such that one turn ot' the shaft shifts the cylinder from one type-wheel to the next with peri-ect precision.

Before proceeding to describe the operation of the machine it will be necessary to explain that the tirst or lowermost graduated slot, in the cylinder, as seen in Fig. 2, indicates units, the next tens, the third hundreds, the fourth thousands, and soon, so that the total number indicated or set up by the knobs when adjusted to the position shown will be 777,777. The type-wheels J and N ot' the two sets also indicate units, tens, hundreds, Sac., commencing at the same side of the machine as with the slots m.

I will now proceed to describe the operation of the parts in making a calculation of the simplest character, as, for instance, in adding the numbers 6 and 3 together. The knob g of the unit-slot 00 is iirst turned to the graduation 6, which will adjust the segment F suliiciently to advance six ot' the teeth h of the unit row from the face of the cylinder. The cylinder is next turned to the extent of one complete revolution in the direction of the arrow 2, Fig. 3, the eit'ect ot' which will be to turn the typewheel J by means of the six advanced teeth L, and through the intermediate wheel G, to thc extent of six teeth, and to consequently bring' its number 6 opposite the slot in the casing. Three of the advanced teeth It are next retracted by turning back the segment F until its knob g is opposite the graduation 3 in the slot, after which the cylinder is turned once in the same direction as before. This will cause the units type-wheel J to be again turned to the extent ot' three teeth more, or until the number 9, which is the result, appears opposite the slot in the casing.

It' subtraction, instead oi addition, were to be performed, the number 6 would be set up in the same way on the cylinder and typewheel; butin the second stage ot' the operation the said cylinder would be turned in the reverse direction, as indicated by the arrow 3, to the extent of a complete revolution, and the result in such case would be to turn the typewheel J in a reverse direction to the extent ot` three teeth, which would bring the number 3 opposite the slot in the casing.

To multiply 6 by 3, which is equivalent to adding three sixes together, the multiplicand 6 is set up on the cylinder by adjusting the knob gto the graduation b ot the units-slot a', and thus advancing six teeth 7L, at'ter which the cylinder is turned three times in the direction ofthe arrow 2, the result being indicated by the tirst and second type-wheels, J and Jl,

Fig. 4, while the units type-wheel N, which is turned to the extent of one tooth for every single revolution of the cylinder through the medium of the lever Q, will be turned to the extent ot three teeth, and the number 3 on the same, which is the multiplier', will appear through the slot in the casin g.

In the above operation one of the carryingteeth 'i on the cylinder is brought into play to et't'ect an adjustment of the second type-wheel, J1, to the extent of one tooth, in order to expose its number l as part of the result 18,

This takes pl ce on the second revolution of the cylinder, and just as the number 9 of the first type-wheel is brought opposite the slot, the triangular projection m of the said wheel then striking the end of its sliding rod M, Fig. 3, and forcing the same toward the cylinder and into the path of the carrying-tooth i of the units row, the said tooth striking the beveled head p ofthe rod, and being adjusted laterally by the same, and thus held until it has turned the second intermediate wheel, G, and second or tens type-wheel, J1, to the extent of one tooth. When this has been effected the rod M is pushed back by one of the doubleinclined projections j of the cylinder, and the tooth t' springs to its original position between the first and second wheels G. On the third revolution of the cylinder the result is completed by an adjustment of the units typewheel only by means ofthe teeth h.

In division, which is the reverse of multiplication, the numbers would be set up and the cylinder simply turned in a reverse direction, as indicated by the arrow 3, the projections j and heads of the rods M being inclined in both directions, and carrying-teeth 1 being provided in order to permit such reverse movement.

The machine would be of little service in making such simple calculations as those which I have given in order to illustrate its operation 5 but it is of especia-l service in making complicated calculations, such as multiplying one long row of figures by another, as by its aid such calculating can be performed with accuracy and rapidity. It is in such calculations that it becomes necessary' to shift the cylinder on the shaft, in order to pass from units to tens, and thence to hundreds, &c. For instance, in multiplying @L83 by 561, the number 483 would be set up on the cylinder by an adjustment of the knobs g to the graduations 4f, 8, and 3 of the hundreds, tens, and units slots x2, x1, and a' of the cylinder, the type-wheels being all set at zero. The first operation would be to give the cylinder a single turn, which would set up the number 483 on the type-wheels J, and the number l on the units type-wheel N. The next step would be to shift the cylinder one place on its shaft l), so as to bring its units-teeth h opposite the tens type-wheel J1, its tens-teeth opposite the hundreds typewheel, and its hundredsteeth opposite the thousands typewheel. This having been accomplished, the cylinder would be turned six times in the same direction as before, when the result on the type-wheels would indicate a further multiplication of 483 by G0, while the number 6l would be registered on the lower type-wheels N and N', Fig. 5. The remaining step would be to shift the cylinder another place on its shaft, so as to bring the units row of teeth h opposite the hundreds type-wheel J2, and then to turn the said cylinder five times in the same direction as before, which would be equivalent to multiplying the number 84:3 by 500,

and this result added to that already obtain@ will be indicated by the type-wheels J, givim the total result 27 0,936, the multiplier 561 bcing at the same time registered on the lewe type-Wheels N.

It will be understood that but one lever, Q is used to adjust the several type-wheels N the said lever being carried from one type wheel to the next when the cylinder is shifter upon its shaft.

Other calculations, such as extracting th( square and cube root, may be readily made by the machine 5 but the principal object o1 the latter is to enable complex calculations in multiplication and division to be rapidly and accurately made.

After having made a calculation the figures may be rubbed out, or, in other words, the type-wheels restored to the position of zero, by depressing the cranka, so as to adjust the arms n and a2 to the position indicated by dotted lines, and unlock the shaft T, and by then turning the crank T1 of the shaft. This will cause all of the said type-wheels of both sets, through the medium of the gearing described, to be turned until their projections m and m strike the arms a and n2 of the rockshaft U, which will only occur when the said type-Wheels have arrived at the zero position. To facilitate this rubbing-out operation, the spring-arms L, with their rollers, may, if dcsired, be elevated from the wheels G by depressing the cra-nk il.

As it may often be desirable to preserve the results of the calculations made by the niachine, I have combined a ribbon-printin g dcvice with the same, consisting of a frame, V, hinged to the frame of the machine at t, and having togglejoint arms YV arranged to embrace the shaft I of the type-wheels, and by means of which the required pressure against the exposed numbers on thelatter is obtained. The ribbon is wound upon rollers a and a', and the paper upon a roller, e.

If desired, the ribbons may be dispensed with, and perforations be made in the paper by specially-constructed type secured to or forming part of the wheels.

I claim as my invention- 1. A calculating-machine in which a series of toothed type-wheels are combined with a cylinder carrying teeth, which admit of being adjusted to revolve, 0r partly revolve, any one or more of said wheels, substantially as set forth.

2. In a calculating-machine, the combination, with a series of toothed type-wheels, ot a toothed cylinder, E, capable of being` rotated in either direction, and of being adjusted longitudinally in respect to the said type-wheels, as specified.

3. The cylinder E, provided with advancing and retractin g teeth, and with adjusting mechanism for the same, controlled by knobs g, and having graduated slots m, so arranged that the position of the said knobs in the same will indicatc the number of teeth advanced, all substantially as specified.

4. The combination, with the teeth h, of springs for adjusting the same in one direction, and of cam-like segments F, for adjusting them in the opposite direction, and for retaining them after adjustment, as specified, Fig. 3.

5. The carryingtecth z", hungto and arranged to be adjusted laterally on the cylinder, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

6. rlhe combination of the cylinder-shaft D, its cog or ratchet wheel c, and notched disk c with the anchor-lever d, acted on by a spring, all substantially as and for the purpose specified. (See Fig. 6.)

7. The combination of the cylinder, screwshaft D, nut s, and a locking device, whereby the cylinder and nut may be rotated with the shaft, or retained while the shaft rotates, all as and for the purpose set forth.

8. The combination, substantially as described, of the toothed cylinder E, the series of intermediate toothed wheels G, and the series of toothed type-Wheels J.

' 9. The combination, substantially as described, of the cylinder E, its eccentric Q2, and lever Q with the series ot' toothed typewheels N, Fig. 7.

l0. The disks J, having a frictional attachment to the shaft, in combination with arms or stops, adjustable, so as to arrest the movement oi' one or more wheels while the shaft is turning, all as set forth.

11. The combination of the cylinder, series of carrying-teeth i, and arms M, operated by type-wheels J, and adjusting the said carriers, as set forth.

l2. The rods M, adapted to and arranged to slide in slot-s formed for their reception in the iixed shaft H, between the wheels G.

13. rFlic combination of the said rods M and their double-inclined heads p with the laterally-adjustable teeth t' and l of the cylinder.

14. rlhe combination, substantially as described, of the said rods M with the doubleinclined projections j of the cylinder.

l5. The combination of the said sliding rods M with the projections m of the type-wheels J.

16. The wheels J, provided with triangular projections m, in combination with the stop n and arms M, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

17. The type-wheels J and N, hun g loosely to their shafts, and provided with springs arranged to bear against the recessed edges oi' disks keyed to the said shafts, all substantially as and for thc purpose specitied.

1S. The combination of the shaft U and its arms a with the projections m of the typewheels J.

19. The combination oi' the shaft U and its arms n2 with the projections mf of the typewheels N.

In testimony whereot` I have signed my name to this specication in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.. F, S. BALDTWIN.

Witnesses:

WM. A.. STEEL, HARRY SMITH.` 

